The Concept of Digital Libraries and an Unavoidable Need in Today’s World

The Concept of Digital Libraries and an Unavoidable Need in Today’s World

Sarjiwan Dass¹, S. K Yadav²

¹Deputy Librarian, (DCE) Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon (Haryana)

E-mail: sarjiwandass@gmail.com

²Assciate Professor Department of Management,

Dronacharya College of Engineering, Greater Noida (UP).

Abstract

Over the past few years, libraries throughout the world have been in a state of transformation as a result of the impact of information technology. No area of the library has remained untouched. The impact on collections, services, staff, and facilities has had major ramifications on budgets, planning, and training. Thus the concept of Digital Library has come which focus on access and service not on buildings and volume. Libraries should support users in their searching and acquiring of information and their organization will reflect services rather than physical location. Technology, law and economics are all becoming more important for libraries requiring new expertise in library staff. Perhaps the most important issues for the long term will be the ability of libraries to co-operate in the delivery of the new services.

This paper will highlight in brief the needs of the digital library in this age of Information technology. It will also give an overview of the requirements of a digital library.

Keywords: Digital Library, Digitization, Hardware, Software, preservation, Knowledge management

Introduction

A digital library is a highly organized collection of electronic resources. Digital libraries share an important characteristic with search engines - they can both be accessed online. However, while search engines cover a wide range of subject areas, digital libraries are more narrowly focused around one or a specific group of disciplines. Unlike search engines, digital libraries attach content-specific and highly descriptive metadata to describe each item in the collection. When a user conducts a search in the digital library it is this metadata that is searched. Search engines, on the other hand, search "blindly" on an item's content and the results obtained may only indicate that a particular search terms appears somewhere in the item, and not whether the overall content of the item is relevant to the search. Therefore, searches in a digital library produce more useful results, save users' time and effort in searching, and users can access the information found instantly. Digital library is a very complex and dynamic entity. It has brought phenomenal change in the information collection, preservation and dissemination scene of the world. There are many definitions and they are synonymously used as electronic library or virtual Library.

They require technology to link the resources of many and the linkage between them and the information services are transparent to the end users. There collections are not limited to document surrogates they extend to digital artifacts that cannot be represented or distributed in printed formats. Another thing is that digital libraries will not be single, completely digital system that provides instant access to all information, for all sectors of society, from anywhere in the world. This is simply unrealistic. This concept comes from the early days when people were unaware of the complexities of building digital libraries. Instead, they will most likely be a collection of disparate resources and disparate systems, catering to specific communities and user groups, created for specific purposes. They also will include, perhaps indefinitely, paper-based collections.

Digital libraries – definition

The Digital Library definitions are numerous. The spectrum of possible meanings for the term is”ranging from a digitized collection of material that one might find in a traditional library through to the collection of all digital information along with the services that make that information useful to all possible users”.

Here are some definitions:                                   

v     "Digital libraries are organized collections of digital information. They combine the structuring and gathering of information, which libraries and archives have always done, with the digital representation that computers have made possible."

v     “A digital library is a collection of information that is stored and accessed electronically.”

v     “A digital library is the technologies, tools, resources, and practices associated with the management of content in an electronic information environment.”

v     "An informal definition of a digital library is a managed collection of information, with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. A crucial part of this definition is that the information is managed. A stream of data sent to earth from a satellite is not a library. The same data, when organized systematically, becomes a digital library collection.".

v     “The digital library is not merely equivalent to a digitized collection with information management tools. It is also a series of activities that brings together collections, services, and people in support of the full life cycle of creation, dissemination, use, and preservation of data, information, and knowledge.”

v     A digital library is “a managed environment of multimedia materials in digital form, designed for the benefit of its user population, structured to facilitate access to its contents and equipped with aids to navigation of the global network”

v     "A digital library contains digital representations of the objects found in it - most understanding of the digital library probably also assumes that it will be accessible via the Internet, though not necessarily to everyone. But the idea of digitization is perhaps the only characteristic of a digital library on which there is universal agreement."

v     “A digital library is an electronic extension of functions users typically perform and the resources they access in a traditional library.”

v     "A digital library encompasses two possibilities: a) library that contains material in digitized form, and b) library that contains digital material. There is a subtle difference between the two (though not of great significance). In first case, the digital content is produced by digitizing physical counterparts (e.g. paper). In the second case, the initial content itself is created in digital form.”

v     “A digital library is the collection of services and the collection of information objects that support users in dealing with information objects and the organization and presentation of those objects available directly or indirectly via electronic/digital means.”

The elements that have been identified as common to the many definitions are that the digital library is a collection of digital information that has to be manageable, that it includes services and activities needed for its functionality and that a universal access to digital libraries and information services is a goal. The most authors agree that a digital library must comprise three central aspects: first - an availability of digital data in a large extent, second – regional independence, third – an improved access to the data through a common interface and added value services for the user. A fully developed digital library environment usually involves the functions of the initial conversion of content from physical to digital form. Other important elements are the extraction or creation of metadata or indexing information describing the content to enable the function of searching, and administrative and structural metadata to help to maintain other services, such as viewing, management, and preservation. Further, there must be an appropriate multimedia repository available for the storage of digital content and metadata. Other important elements are client services for the browser, including repository querying and workflow, content delivery via file transfer or streaming media and a private or public network.

Along with the term “digital library”, there are relative terms “electronic library” and “virtual library”. The term “electronic library” appeared in the mid -70s, the term “virtual library” emerged later – somewhat around 1980, and the term “digital library” is the youngest and at the time the most popular one. The notion “digital library” gained its importance in the tight coherence with the World Wide Web. In most cases, the 3 terms are applied fully synonym to each other. As to the differences between these notions: electronic library is in some cases seen as a part of the digital library in the way that an electronic library is a collection of materials in a digital form. A virtual library can also be seen as a part of a digital library, as it is a library that is independent of any locations. Sometimes an electronic library is seen as a preliminary stage of a virtual library. A virtual library is mostly comprehended as a library without walls. An electronic library can consist of both electronic and conventional part, or just be a library with computer assistance. Another term “hybrid library” is mostly used to stress the fact that the library consists of both conventional and virtual/digital parts. A restriction of the term “digital library” from the other types is very difficult. To avoid complicity, we shall only work with the term “digital library”, under which we shall understand a large collection of digital materials, which is regionally independent, and which offers a number of integrated digital services under a uniform user interface, and drop its synonyms.

Objectives:

Library Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) initiative aims to provide mechanisms that will help to ensure that information in digital form is managed with appropriate consideration for preservation and future access. Its objectives are:

1. To facilitate the development of strategies and guidelines for the preservation of access to digital information;

2. To develop and maintain a web site for information and promotion purposes;

3. To actively identify and promote relevant activities;

4. To provide a forum where researchers, practitioners, and representatives of interested applications and industries can exchange ideas and experiences;

5.  To define and conduct  a joint program of activities in order to integrate and coordinate the on-going research activities of the major research teams in the field of digital libraries for the purpose of developing the next generation digital library technologies;

                                                                                                                                                                                          

6.  To contribute improving the effectiveness of research in the digital library field;

7. To Improve international cooperation in DL research areas

Characteristics of Digital Libraries

Digitization has benefits beyond improved accessibility. Institutions can protect originals from excessive handling and repeated copying; digitization can be a preservation strategy for the institutes.

The different characteristics of a digital library are as follows:

Collections: Digital library collections contain fixed, permanent documents. Not only those current libraries have more dynamic collections, but digital environment will enable of quick handling and/or ephemeral information.

Technology: Digital libraries are based on digital technologies. The underlying assumption is that the digital libraries will contain only digital materials, may be wrong. It is likely that both digital and non-digital information material will have to coexist.

Work: Digital libraries are to be used by individuals working alone. There is work oriented perspective focusing on group of information analysts, work being done and the documents and technologies that support it.

Transbordering of information: Breaking the physical boundaries of data transfers within and outside the countries. It is viewed that the support for communications and collaboration is as important as information seeking activities.

Digital Collection

Libraries began to create digital content; the impetus came from a number of areas. The desire are not to be left behind, opportunities presented by funding sources and/or faculty interest, need to develop local expertise, the desire to bring special collections to a broader community, or the hope of preserving the physical artifact. While all these interests are worthy, the long-term implications of the costs/benefits of creating and maintaining digital collections now must be seriously reviewed. The success of a digital library depends largely on the nature, content and quality of its digital collections. The basic requirement in creating a digital library will be the building of digital collections. The digital collections of information include various resources such as electronic journals, books, full text, CD-ROM databases, etc. The benefits of information collections in digital form for preservation, access and managing large quantities of information have been recognized by both library professionals as well as users.

Digital Preservation

The long-term maintenance and upgrade of digital files on digital storage medium is called digital preservation. Although technology is a key element in digital preservation, we believe it isn't the greatest inhibitor. The important issue is keeping digital information available in perpetuity. In the preservation of digital materials, the real issue is technical obsolescence. Technical obsolescence in the digital age is like the deterioration of paper in the paper age. Libraries in the pre-digital era had to worry about climate control and the de-acidification of books, but the preservation of digital information will mean constantly coming up with new technical solutions.

When considering digital materials, there are three types of "preservation" one can refer to:

·         The storage medium.

·         Access to content.

·         Fixed-media materials through digital technology.

For these libraries jointly can coordinate a scheme and

·         Create policies for long-term preservation.

·         Ensure that redundant permanent copies are stored at designated institutions.

·         Help to establish preservation standards to consistently store and share materials preserved digitally.

Digitization

Digitization refers to the conversion of an item in printed text, manuscript, image or sound, film and video recording from one format (usually print or analogue) into digital. The process basically involves taking a physical object and captured using a scanner or digital camera and converted to digital format that can be stored electronically and accessed via a computer. One of the primary methods of digital collection building is digitization. Digitization is an electronic process of converging information from an analog format to the digital format. The Analog-to-Digital conversion means the transformation of continuous variable signal into the discrete variable signal. The process of digitization involves the scanning of the materials to be digitized. The scan images are collected in various standard formats like JPEG, MHEG, MPEG, HYT etc. depending upon the type of documents to be digitized. Optical character recognition technology is needed to transform the scanned image into hyper-text document. The primary method of digital collection building is digitization. Digitization is also a high-speed data transmission technique. It is the conversion of any fixed or analog media (such as books, journals, articles, photos, painting, maps, microforms etc) into electronic forms through scanning, sampling or rekeying by using various technologies. Digitization provides solutions to traditional library problems such as conservation, preservation, storage, space, multimedia documents, remote access to information collections, and acquisition of original digital works created by publishers, agencies and scholars, access to external materials not held in-house by providing pointers to websites, other library collections and publisher’s servers.

Hardware and Software for Digital Libraries

Hardware:

The minimum requirements of hardware for digital Library are:

·         Computer

·         CPU, PCI Bus, Ethernet, Silicon Graphics, RAM

·         Storage Devices

·         Hard Drives, Removable hard drive, Optical drive, DAT drive (Digital Audio Tape), CD ROM drive

·         Monitors

·         Digitizing devices

·         Scanners, Digital Camera

·         Out Put Device

·         Printers Modem and CD Writer

Software:

There are number of software, which can be used for different function some of them are as follows:

·       Editing images

·       Page layout programmers: to integrate text and graphics

·       Page transferring utilities : to share files between computer platforms

·       File translation programmes: to convert files from graphics

·       File compression software.

The software which are used mainly for digital library are Greenstone, Dienst Eprints Archive software, Dspace etc.

Advantages

A major advantage of digital libraries is that people from all over the world can gain access to the information at any time, as long as an Internet connection is available. This also eliminates the logistical problems inherent in organizing and lending print materials.

Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information require very little physical space to contain them. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a traditional library. A traditional library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries do away with these fees.

Digital libraries can immediately adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs

Disadvantages

Some people have criticized that digital libraries are hampered by copyright law, because works cannot be shared over different periods of time in the manner of a traditional library. The content is, in many cases, public domain

 or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public. An estimate of the number of distinct books still existent in library catalogues from 2000B.C. to 1960, has been made.

Digital libraries cannot reproduce the environment of a traditional library. Many people also find reading printed material to be easier than reading material on a computer screen although this depends heavily on presentation as well as personal preferences. Also, due to technological developments, a digital library can see some of its content become out-of-date and its data may become unaccessible

Problems of conventional Libraries

The dynamic information environment brings major opportunities as well as difficulties. As to the biggest problem of the traditional libraries at the moment is the cost crisis now affecting their current services. The fraction of the world's publications that conventional libraries can afford is decreasing. It is getting harder and harder for libraries to afford their previous level of purchases due to increases in journal prices, in the number of publications and due to currency shifts. Very many universities are reviewing their subscriptions and canceling journals. In addition to problems buying material, libraries have to face such difficulties as increasing costs for buildings and storage. Through a constantly growing number of books there is not one library not complaining about lacking place for book storage. In order to increase this space a library would have to face further high expenses. Another problem of the conventional libraries is the lack of place for readers in the libraries, especially in those libraries, where the number of students rises. This problem has always been there leading to serious inconveniences. There is also a steadily growing problem of acid paper books, that is books published between 1850 and 1959, which are deteriorating and need treatment right away. This treatment is very costly. The distance which separates the library user from the library is another difficulty: the desire to visit a library declines with the remoteness. Many library users simply lack the time needed to make the way to the library. Other inconvenience is the conflict between the scale of the inventory and the actual demand. A conventional library usually aims at having possibly few copies of possibly many different books. And so, if some topic becomes suddenly extremely popular, it becomes very difficult to get a desired book. The process of ordering and registering a new book is usually very costly and therefore is another inconvenience of traditional libraries. Digital libraries can be an answer to some of these problems.

Benefits of digital libraries

Digitalization can offer many advantages to libraries as well as to their users. The benefits mentioned by T.B. Rajashekar are the following:

§         Digital libraries make it needless for the user to go somewhere. A user can get full information at home or at work, whenever there is a PC and a network collection.

§         Information can be updated continuously much more easily. It easier to keep the information current.

§         An important benefit offered by digital libraries is searching and browsing in material. One can optimize searching and simultaneously search the Internet, commercial databases, and library collections. Then one can save search results and conduct additional processing to narrow or qualify results, or click through search results to access the digitized content or locate additional items of interest.

§         Information can be shared with others more easily. By placing digital information on a server connected to the World Wide Web makes it available to everyone.

§         Duplicating of information is easy and cheap, whereas duplication of paper material would be very expensive.

§         Digital libraries compared to conventional libraries allow collaboration and exchange of ideas.

§         Arising new forms of information: information in digital form can support features and possibilities not given in print form.

§         Digital libraries are cost-saving, since expensive building, professional staff and maintenance demanded by conventional libraries not needed anymore.

William Arms mentioned further benefits:

§         Information access is not limited by geography, it does not matter, where in the world is the document located. There is no need to replicate the document because of its geographic availability.

§         The components of digital libraries are declining rapidly in price. Digital libraries are also expensive, but it is expected that digital libraries will become much less expensive than they are now, and much less expensive than the traditional libraries.

§         Possible other ways of storing information, like database or mathematics library.

§         Extended possibilities for creation of informative objects. “Even when the formats are similar, materials created explicitly for the digital world are not the same as the materials originally designed for paper or other media”.

Albert Endres and Dieter W. Fellner found further advantages of the digital libraries:

§         Information is available right away – it is a matter of minutes to get the desired title. The speed of the information access and transfer is a big benefit.

§         A digital document may be easily and convenient edited on a computer, if its coding and formats are known by the user, and if his computer has the required possibilities.

§         New comings are registered, listed in the catalogs and are available for reading mostly in a couple of hours, where as the same procedures took much more time in the conventional libraries.

Finally, Michael Lesk sees the following significant advantages:

§         Ubiquity: a single electronic copy can be simultaneously accessed from a large number of locations by many users, assuming copyright permission is available.

§         Loss rates by theft may be much reduced since readers get a screen display of the object, rather than carrying away the physical object.

§         Digital libraries serve improved preservation - it is easier to copy digital information, and to do it without errors.

To our opinion, another important advantage is that digital libraries can contain unlimited information quantity, being not restricted by the amount of printed material that could be comprised by a conventional library.

Besides, digital libraries allow collaboration and exchange of ideas for libraries as well as users all around the globe. Being a user of a conventional library, one could only collaborate with other users of that library. Now, digital libraries can offer possibilities for international collaboration through building interest groups and offering tools, through which the users could communicate, no matter where they are. It is just as easier for digital libraries themselves to collaborate with other libraries around the globe and exchange information. A library in Austria could easily exchange digital information materials with a library in Japan. Such a scenario would be just too difficult for a conventional library.

Tasks and services of digital libraries

Digital libraries provide and extend traditional library services in the digital environment.  A digital library can offer a number of additional valueadded services, which are not offered by conventional libraries. Here are some examples, provided by Endres and Fellner:

1.      A time-restricted access to a certain document can be provided instead of delivering a title; sometimes exactly this form of document access might be needed. • Personalization through profile service can be offered. This service gives the user a possibility to hand over the profile of his interests in form of a list of key words. The library then uses this profile to pick out those documents out of the new comings, which may be interesting for the user. This service is also often called the Selective Dissemination of Information.

2.       A digital library might enable a notification service. A user can be notified per some means of communication whenever a new title – article or a book - appears in a catalog, or a new registry in a database, which matches the interests of the user.

3.       Creation of thesaurus and classification schemes are next important instruments for description and searching for information offered by digital libraries.

4.      Personal work space is a useful feature. It is adjusted for the needs of a particular user. An example could be a working space, which allows the user to use text processing, mathematical, statistical or graphical programs of a certain type.

Collaboration

The definition of the term collaboration we can offer is the following: “Collaboration – act of working jointly, joint operation or action”. Collaboration of digital libraries is, therefore, a joint work of digital libraries in those areas where they can cooperate.

Reasons for digital library collaboration

Here we would like to examine the reasons for libraries to enter collaboration as well as reasons for the state or international organizations to support such collaborations. The reasons concerning the financial benefits of the digital library collaboration were described the following way:

• Lack of funds.

• Financial benefit.

• Costly new technologies.

Future of digital Library

As we venture into a more digital environment, many of the traditional measures of an excellent library have become eroded. We know that we have been successful and what benchmarks might we use to compare ourselves with peer institutions and against ourselves. In the digital world of information highway, there should be stress on three things: awareness of information, awareness of technology, awareness of needs. The awareness of information gives the breadth of vision; awareness of technology gives the power to make the visions manifest; and awareness of needs gives the insight to use professional skills and talents to the greater effect.

Challenges for the future

Basic conditions for digitization and online accessibility

How to bring more in-copyright works online, in particular out-of-print and orphan works remains today a main challenge for digital libraries. A lot could be achieved if what was recommended by the HLG is now put in place. The HLG left open the issue of how the legal framework for digitizing cultural heritage might need to be reviewed to face these challenges, in particular to balance the principle of access to information with the rights of creators to be recognized and rewarded for their work and creativity. Also in the HLG, rights holders stress that digitization and online accessibility needs to be achieved in full respect of the current copyright rules, while for cultural institutions there is the need for copyright reform and further harmonization at European level to create the appropriate conditions for large scale digitization. There is clearly a need for further debate on this issue to achieve closer views.

Privatization of public domain works in the digital environment

Some cultural institutions or private companies performing digitization of cultural content claim rights on the digitized copies of public domain works. The question is whether digitization in itself creates new rights. The level of originality needed for the creation of copyright is currently not harmonized at European level.

The general principle that should be applied is that works in the public domain should remain in the public domain also in the digital environment. In particular, the HLG recommends that public domain material that has been digitized with public money by public institutions is not locked up, and it should continue to play its essential role as a source for creativity and innovation.

Conclusion

The information and communication technology has changed the complexion of today’s libraries on a large scale and we are amidst in information explosion and information technology revolution leading to the emergence of electronic information era. Rapid advances in information processing, storage and communication technologies have revolutionized the role of worldwide libraries in disseminating information services to their users. As a result, libraries are facing new challenges, new competitors, new demands, new expectations and variety of information services from users tailored to their wants and needs. Libraries around the world have been working on this daunting set of challenges for several years now. They have created many digital library initiatives and projects, and have formed various national schemes for jointly exploring key issues. With several years’ accumulated experience, the initial enthusiasm surrounding the development of the digital library has been replaced by sober second thought. Librarians have discovered that, with a few exceptions, making a business case for digitization and investments in digital technology is more difficult than first envisioned, especially given the technical and legal constraints that must first be overcome. As with most other technical developments in libraries over the years, we will have to move forward in small, manageable, evolutionary steps, rather than in a rapid revolutionary manner.

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